P-IBCLC BFHL-21

P-IBCLC BFHL-21-P01 Findings in a study that the investigator did not anticipate:

Should not be published.
Usually appear only when the investigator looks in the data for a relation not specifically tested.
Can be the basis for other research in the future.
Usually mean that the study was not properly designed at the outset.

P-IBCLC BFHL-21-P02 Statistical analysis of the data gathered by a study that ends with fewer subjects than intended may:

Not detect differences that in fact exist between treatment groups.
Reject the null hypothesis if an inverse relationship is found between independent and outcome variables.
Reject the null hypothesis if a direct relationship is found between independent and outcome variables.
Require use of different statistical analyses than originally intended.

P-IBCLC BFHL-21-P03 In a published report, discussion of the limitations of a study should:

Be avoided because it undermines the study’s credibility.
Emphasize the strengths of the study’s design.
Evaluate the degree to which the study’s results can be generalized.
Refer only to previously published work.

P-IBCLC BFHL-21-P04 Which of the following pieces of research gives meaning to the study and addresses the implications of the study outcomes?

Interpretation of the results.
Limitations.
Conclusions.
Introduction.

P-IBCLC BFHL-21-P05 Why are clear operational definitions of terms used in a study needed?

They help to determine a useful sample size for drawing qualitative conclusions.
They improve the accuracy of the results.
They enable comparison of results of other studies on similar topics.
They ensure that other researchers are not able to replicate the study.

P-IBCLC BFHL-21-P06 Despite the long mother-to-mother history of teaching and learning about breastfeeding, a lactation consultant’s principal source of information to guide her practice today should be:

Intuition.
Visceral reaction.
Longstanding practices.
Results of research.

P-IBCLC BFHL-21-P07 “Validity” of a study’s data-collection tools refers to the degree to which the:

Information generated by the study is clinically useful.
Hypothesis tested is substantiated.
Method of acquiring data ensured that the data are accurate and true.
Null hypothesis is rejected.

P-IBCLC BFHL-21-P08 A research design is considered to be quasi-experimental if it:

Applies ethnographic techniques to a randomized group in which confounders have been eliminated.
Evaluates an intervention and eliminates confounders but does not randomize subjects.
Gathers data by use of a questionnaire with an established validity and reliability.
Gathers data by use of an untested questionnaire.

P-IBCLC BFHL-21-P09 Correlational studies examine:

The type and strength of relations among the variables studied.
Only variables that vary directly with each other.
Only variables that vary inversely with each other.
Qualitative data in narrative form.

P-IBCLC BFHL-21-P10 A descriptive study typically is undertaken when a topic of interest:

Can be completed without face-to-face interviews.
Can be investigated solely by observational techniques.
Will require little statistical manipulation in order to make sense of the data.
Is little understood because of lack of information.

P-IBCLC BFHL-21-P11 Operational definitions explicitly describe how:

Equipment used in the study is to be operated and maintained.
Exactly what is meant by the term used for each major variable in the study.
The experiment will operate—such as number of subjects and length of follow-up.
Tools such as questionnaires that will be used in the study were devised.

P-IBCLC BFHL-21-P12 A principal goal of qualitative research is:

Determining the nature of independent variables.
Gathering data that test a previously developed hypothesis.
Investigating a broadly defined topic in greater detail.
Detailed descriptions of people’s experiences.

P-IBCLC BFHL-21-P13 Probability samples are preferred for _________ studies because __________.

Correlational / recruiting a large sample is easier.
Grounded theory / only a small group of subjects is needed.
Phenomenological / the data gathered can be analyzed statistically.
Experimental / study findings are more easily generalized to larger populations.

P-IBCLC BFHL-21-P14 A person participating in medical research must:

Agree to participate for the entire duration of the study.
Agree to allow responses to link to at least some personal identifiers.
Be told something about the study.
Receive a full explanation of the treatment to be received.

P-IBCLC BFHL-21-P15 Probability sampling is used when:

Subjects are chosen at random from the entire population of possible subjects.
Few subjects are available, and it is probable that nearly all must be recruited.
Investigators recruit subjects for a qualitative study.
Investigators recruit subjects who are most likely to demonstrate the hypothesis being tested.

P-IBCLC BFHL-21-P16 Research studies of breastfeeding dyads are most likely to follow which sampling technique?

Convenience or consecutive.
Simple random.
Stratified random.
Systematic.

P-IBCLC BFHL-21-P17 Grounded theory refers to a method that:

Describes behaviors influencing a person’s perceived ability to complete a task.
Generates theories based on people’s interpretations of their own experiences.
Explains actions as a function of the intention to perform the action.
Is used to understand beliefs and practices within a particular culture.

P-IBCLC BFHL-21-P18 Naturalistic or humanistic scientific methods are characterized by:

The avoidance of describing the meaning of a phenomenon.
Investigation of people's practices, but not values.
Recording of life experiences.
Considering influences on persons as irrelevant data.

P-IBCLC BFHL-21-P19 An investigator can meet her obligation to obtain informed consent from a prospective subject by fully describing the study ________ and receiving a(n) _________ consent:

In writing / oral.
In writing / written.
Orally / oral.
Orally / written.

P-IBCLC BFHL-21-P20 Factors that the investigator did not eliminate, and which influence the outcome of a study, are called __________ variables.

Grounded.
Recruited.
Confounding.
Shadow

P-IBCLC BFHL-21-P21 A report titled “The Experience of Living with an Incessantly Crying Infant” is most likely to be an example of which research method?

Correlational study.
Grounded theory.
Phenomenology.
Participatory action.

P-IBCLC BFHL-21-P22 A research hypothesis typically:

States expected relations among variables in a given population.
Limits research to those studies for which data will be manipulated statistically.
Serves as the starting point of a qualitative study.
Sums up the outcome of an experimental or correlational study.

P-IBCLC BFHL-21-P23 The most important reason that studies of the relation between breastfeeding and infant health may disagree is:

Mothers of infants studied may produce different amounts of milk.
The length of time that infants are studied may differ.
Infants studied may have differing overall health.
“Breastfeeding” may be defined differently in different studies.

P-IBCLC BFHL-21-P24 In 1976, Klaus and Kennell postulated that close parent–infant contact soon after birth is critical for optimal child development. Acceptance of this theory has led to:

Mother-newborn skin-to-skin contact 24 hours after birth.
Half-day rooming-in of an infant with his or her mother in the hospital.
Shortening of the hospital stay after normal delivery.
Skin-to-skin holding of sick newborns in neonatal intensive care units.

P-IBCLC BFHL-21-P25 Traditional (“positivist”) scientific methods are ideally characterized by:

Subjectivity of the investigator.
The intent to describe behavior.
Evaluation of the context surrounding the problem investigated.
Quantitative measurement.

P-IBCLC BFHL-21-P26 The factor believed to cause changes in an outcome variable is called a(n) ___________ variable:

Intervention.
Quasi-dependent.
Independent.
Superior.

P-IBCLC BFHL-21-P27 Which of the following is a requirement for use of nonparametric statistical methods?

Measurement of variables is at the interval level.
Population parameters are known.
There is a large number of subjects.
Variables in the sample may not be normally distributed.

P-IBCLC BFHL-21-P28 While planning a research study, an investigator must:

Determine what research methods to use.
Avoid reading previous reports on the topic so as not to be influenced by their conclusions.
Obtain access to subjects who are willing to participate without knowing the goals of the research.
Wait to state a hypothesis until trends begin to emerge from the data.

P-IBCLC BFHL-21-P29 A study that ___________________ would be consistent with a feminist research perspective.

Involves the researcher prompting the participant to share information.
Does not consider a woman’s attitudes relative to broad cultural influences.
Shares a woman’s observations with others being studied in order to obtain greater depth of information.
Recognizes that a woman’s descriptions may be selective or incomplete.

P-IBCLC BFHL-21-P30 The Cochrane Collaboration compiles:

Advocacy statements promoting public health measures such as breastfeeding.
Systematic reviews of the effect of specific interventions on health.
Articles on basic research into anatomy and physiology.
General medical articles available to anyone in the world.

P-IBCLC BFHL-21-P31 When a null hypothesis is written, it is phrased to say that the independent:

Variable will cause no change in the dependent variable.
And dependent variables are statistically significantly related.
And dependent variables are not statistically significantly related.
Variable is the only variable likely to affect the dependent variable.

P-IBCLC BFHL-21-P32 A research variable is an attribute that:

Can be manipulated, as in intervention research.
Takes a fixed value or definition.
Is of interest only in qualitative research.
Does not influence the problem or phenomenon under study.

P-IBCLC BFHL-21-P33 The “reliability” of data collected during a study refers to the:

Accuracy and consistency of measurements or observations made during the investigation.
Accuracy and consistency of equipment used to make measurements.
Appropriateness of statistical methods used to analyze the data.
Trustworthiness of the investigators.

P-IBCLC BFHL-21-P34 Experimental studies have at least:

One dependent variable that influences the independent variable.
Two variables—both dependent, both independent, or one of each.
One independent variable that influences the dependent variable.
80% of study participants whose comments on outcomes are part of the data gathered.

P-IBCLC BFHL-21-P35 Use of parametric statistical methods requires:

Measurement of the independent variable at an interval level.
Investigation of a homogenous set of subjects.
Randomly selected subjects.
Variables not normally distributed among study groups.

P-IBCLC BFHL-21-P36 One requirement of an experimental study is that:

Data are collected at the “ordinal” level.
No intervention is used.
Study subjects may come from a convenience sample.
Independent and dependent variables are evaluated to determine cause and effect.

P-IBCLC BFHL-21-P37 Observational research relies upon information gathered through:

Interviews of people who have casually observed a given behavior of interest.
Analysis by investigators who have observed a behavior of interest.
Interviews of associates who have closely observed a person of interest.
Self-report questionnaires of people who have observed a behavior of interest.

P-IBCLC BFHL-21-P38 Of the theories that explain how mothers change and react to a new infant, the ________ theory is most appropriate for a lactation consultant practice.

Self-care.
Self-efficacy.
Attachment.
Planned behavior.

P-IBCLC BFHL-21-P39 As compared with a non-exposed group, a relative risk (or odds ratio) of ____ suggests that a group exposed to a disease has ___________ incidence rate of the disease:

0 / the same.
1 / the same.
1.5 / a lower.
0.75 / a higher.

P-IBCLC BFHL-21

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